Glassnode: Nearly $500 billion in Bitcoin is at risk of future quantum computing attacks

According to Decrypt, research published by Glassnode shows that nearly one-third of circulating Bitcoin has exposed public keys, theoretically making it vulnerable to future quantum computer attacks. Specifically, about 6.04 million Bitcoins worth over $46.9 billion are at quantum risk. Among these, approximately 1.92 million are structurally exposed, originating from early "pay-to-public-key" addresses, multi-signature structures, and Taproot outputs, which are script formats that default to exposing public keys.

About 4.12 million are operationally exposed, stemming from address reuse behavior. Among the Bitcoins with operational exposure, approximately 1.66 million are related to exchanges, accounting for 8.3% of the total supply and about 40% of all operationally exposed Bitcoins. From the holdings of major exchanges, only 5% of Coinbase's Bitcoins are exposed to quantum risk, while Binance and Bitfinex have exposure rates of 85% and 100%, respectively. Glassnode states that this result should not be interpreted as a risk ranking of specific companies or a signal of solvency.